八、天梯聖若望的方法


很明顯,多若德奧神父和聖塞拉芬提供的方法與天梯聖若望提供的方法完全相同。然而,天梯聖若望以特別生動和明確的方式表述了他的方法。這位教父是最古老而又偉大的修道生活的導師之一,獲得了普世教會的承認。後來的神聖作家都把他作為值得信賴的導師,作為聖神的生活器皿來引述他的著作。在此基礎上,我們給出他的方法,相信其可靠性,給予我們所愛的神父與弟兄──不僅是生活在修道院裡的,也包括生活在塵世之中的人,無論是誰,只要他是真誠無偽地渴望,以取悅於天主的方式成功祈禱的人──給予他們普遍加以應用。這一方法是不可或缺的。忽視了它,就意味著將注意力由祈禱中剝離出來,沒有了注意力,祈禱就不再是祈禱了。祈禱死了!祈禱成了無用且對靈魂有害的嘮叨,是對天主的侮辱。專心祈禱的人或多或少、不可必免地都以這種方式來祈禱。如果在祈禱的過程中,注意力增加,且變得更加專注,那麼,天梯聖若望所說的祈禱形式就會不可避免地出現。他說:「你們要用眼淚祈求,以聽命尋找,以恆久的忍耐推動。因為這是「凡求的,就必得到;找的,就必找到;敲的,就必給他開」(瑪7:8)的唯一的方法。(《天梯論》,28:57)

經驗很快就會表明,在使用這種方法時,尤其是在剛開始時,必須以極慢的語速誦唸禱文,使心靈有時間使自己適應這禱文。這是不可能通過匆匆的誦唸來實現的。天梯聖若望的方法無論是在誦唸耶穌禱文時,還是在進行祈禱課誦時,甚至是在誦讀聖詠集和教父著作時,都是非常有用的。你必須學習這樣誦讀,就像按音節──以這樣緩慢的速度讀。通過這種方法學習祈禱,我們就會以適當的程度,使每個度積極生活的人都獲得嘴唇、思想與內心的祈禱。君士坦丁堡宗主教聖加利斯托就是這樣講論祈禱的:

「不斷的祈禱就是不停地呼求天主聖名。無論你是說話、坐著、走路、工作、吃飯,還是做任何其它的工作,你都必須時時處處都按照聖經的命令──『不斷禱告。』(得前5:17)──呼天主的聖名。只有這樣,才能擊敗仇敵的攻擊。你必須用心祈禱,當你獨自一人時,要大聲祈禱。若人在市場裡,或是在與別人社交時,就不要用嘴唇祈禱,而要單單用心祈禱。要警守自己的視覺,總要低頭守護自己不要分心走意,防備敵人的詭計。成全的祈禱是向天主說話而不分心走意,那時,人的所有思想和感官都聚集在一個祈禱的念頭上。祈禱和吟誦聖詠不僅要用心,也要用嘴唇,就像達味所說的:『上主,求祢開啟我的口,我的口要讚美祢。』(詠50:17)。宗徒指出口禱也是必要的,他說:『我們應藉著耶穌,時常給天主奉獻讚頌的祭獻,就是獻上我們嘴唇的佳果,頌揚祂的聖名。』(來13:15)」【這段話不見於《慕善集》中任何歸於名為加利斯托的人的作品中。最後兩句話出自巴撒努斐和若望的《書信集》165。】

聖巴撒努斐這樣回答一位問他應如何祈禱的修士:

「我們應在用一段時間吟誦聖詠,操練自己,在一段時間出聲祈禱。我們也需要時間來檢驗並觀察我們的思想。若人用餐時有許多不同的食物,他就吃得多,且吃得很愉快,若他每天只吃同一種食物,他就不僅會吃得很不愉快,有時甚至可能對食物感到厭惡。我們的屬靈狀態也是如此。不要把自己束縛在吟誦聖詠和祈禱上,主賜予你多少,就做多少。不要放棄閱讀和內在的祈禱。這要做一些,那也要做一些──你要這樣度過一天,取悅天主。我們已達致成全的教父並沒有固定的祈禱規則,但他們卻整天都在履行他們的規則。他們用一段時間吟誦聖詠,操練自己,用一段時間用口祈禱,用一段時間檢查自己的思想,他們甚至花一些時間在食物之上。但他們做這一切時都懷著對天主的敬畏。」(《書信集》,85)

極其精通祈禱的神聖教父就是這樣指導弟兄的。經驗會告訴每一個操練祈禱的人,高聲誦唸幾句耶穌禱文以及其它任何祈禱經文,對防止分心有很大的幫助。在敵人猛烈攻擊的情形下,當感覺到意志削弱和心靈黑暗時,出聲的祈禱是不可缺少的。專心致志的出聲祈禱同時也是理智的祈禱和內心的祈禱。

藉著我們卑微的話語,我們並沒有阻止我們親愛的父老弟兄在祈禱中取得卓越的成功。相反,我們全心渴望獲得它。但願所有修士都能像天使和總領天使一樣,日夜不離激勵他們的神聖之愛,因此,不斷不知滿足地光榮天主。為此緣故,為了能在祈禱自身所特有的時間獲得恩寵所賜予的心禱的無價財富,我們禁止並警告讀者不要貿然地爭取它,不要驕傲地認為自己堪當並適合得到它,因而使自己反而失去了它。這種努力是被禁止的,因為靠自己的努力在自己身上發現恩寵的祈禱是不可能的。禁止這種狂熱地撞擊天主的奧秘聖殿大門的努力,是為了不妨礙天主的仁慈最終臨於我們,不把不堪當的人看成堪當的人,不把禮物送給不期待禮物的人,這些人已經註定要在地獄的監獄裡受到永罰。

恩賜是賜予那些面對恩賜的偉大而謙卑自抑的人的。恩賜是賜予那些捨棄自己的意志,將自己交付予天主旨意的人的。恩賜是賜給那些馴服並克制了肉慾和血氣的人的,他們藉著福音誡命馴服並克制了肉慾的思想。生命是按照我們克己的程度而出現、興起的。它不期而至,完全出於自己的美好意願,然後它完成並成全了人自願開始的克己。按主所傳的屬靈法律(瑪22:12-14),粗心、特別是固執、驕傲、自以為是的尋求祈禱的崇高境界的人,總是被蓋上拒絕的印記。要解除這印記非常困難,幾乎是不可能的。為什麼呢?因為驕傲和自信,導致自欺,與魔鬼相交,並被牠們奴役,使我們不能看到我們立場的錯誤和危險,使我們不能看到我們與魔鬼可悲的相交,也看不到我們可悲而又致命的被牠們奴役。教父們說:「先給你自己穿上葉子,然後當天主出命時,你就會結出果實。」(《書信集》,328)先要達致專心致志的祈禱。一個人若為專心致志的祈禱所淨化,並做好準備,他若受教於福音誡命,並受它的約束,天主就會在祂自己認為合適的時間,賜予這人恩寵的祈禱。

天主是祈禱的教師;真正的祈禱是天主的恩賜。(《天梯論》,第28階,64)對於那些懷著痛悔的心神和對天主的敬畏不斷專心祈禱的人,天主自己會賜予這人在祈禱中逐漸進步。由謙卑和專心的祈禱,屬靈的行動就會出現,心靈就會活躍起來。活躍的心靈將思想吸引到自身,成為恩寵所賜之祈禱的殿堂,成為屬靈恩賜的寶庫,這些恩賜理所應當地藉由這樣的祈禱而獲得。

偉大的修行者和祈禱的教師說:「你要藉著內心的痛苦努力勞作,為獲得溫暖和祈禱,天主會讓你永遠擁有它們。遺忘會驅逐它們,而遺忘則源於懶惰和粗心。」(《書信集》,267)如果你想從遺忘和囚禁中解脫出來,首先要在你內獲得屬靈之火;只有聖神之火的溫暖才會使遺忘和囚禁消散。這種火是通過對天主的渴望獲得的。弟兄!除非你的心日夜痛苦地尋求主,你將無法成功。但是,如果你放棄其他一切,專心於此,你就會獲得它,正如聖經所說:「你要安靜,就會明白。」(詠45:11,《書信集,277)弟兄!你要懇求那「願意所有的人都得救,並得以認識真理」(弟前2:4)的主的仁慈,賜予你點燃屬靈之火的屬靈警醒。天地的主降臨塵世,要把這火投在地上(路12:49)。我要按我的能力,與你一起祈禱,祈求賜予所有熱切苦求之人恩寵的天主,賜予你這種警醒。當它來臨的時候,它會指引你們走向真理。它光照眼睛,引導心靈,驅散怠惰和疏忽的睡意,使在懶惰的泥土中生鏽的武器恢復光澤,使因被蠻夷俘虜而玷污的衣服恢復光彩,激發對我們偉大的大司祭所獻上的偉大祭獻的滿足之心。這一祭獻被啟示給了先知,它要潔淨罪惡,除去邪惡(參閱依6:7),赦免哭泣的人,賜予謙卑的人恩寵(參閱箴3:34),這祭獻在堪當的人身上彰顯出來,他們因父、及子、及聖神之名,藉著這一祭獻繼承永生。

 

(未完待續)

“Spiritual vigilance or sobriety is a spiritual art which completely delivers a man, with the help of God, from sinful actions and passionate thoughts and words when fervently practiced for a considerable time. It is silence of heart; it is guarding of the mind; it is attention to oneself without any other thought which always, incessantly and unceasingly calls upon Jesus Christ, the Son of God, and God, which breathes by Him, with Him courageously takes up arms against the enemies, and which confesses Him.” This is the definition of spiritual vigilance that St. Hesychius of Jerusalem gives.9 The rest of the Fathers agree with him.

“When the fire descends into the heart,” says St. John Climacus, “it revives prayer. And when prayer has risen and ascended to heaven, then the descent of the fire takes place into the cenacle of the soul.”10 It is evident that the saint is speaking from his own blessed experience. Something similar happened in the case of St. Maximus Kapsokalivitis. “From my youth,” he told St. Gregory the Sinaite,

 

I had great faith in my lady, the Mother of God, and besought her with tears to grant me the grace of mental prayer. Once I came to her temple as usual and fervently prayed to her for this. I went up to her icon and reverently kissed her image. Suddenly I felt as if there fell into my breast and heart a warmth which did not burn, but bedewed and delighted me, and stirred my soul to compunction. From that moment my heart began to say the prayer within itself, and my mind began to delight in the remembrance of my Jesus and the Mother of God and to have Him, the Lord Jesus, constantly within itself. Since then the prayer has never ceased in my heart.11

 

The prayer of grace appeared suddenly, unexpectedly, as a gift from God. The saint’s soul had been prepared to receive the gift of prayer by fervent, attentive, humble, constant prayer. The prayer of grace did not stay in the saint without its usual concomitants, quite unknown and uncongenial to the carnal and natural state.

An abundant manifestation of spiritual fire in the heart, the fire of divine love, is described by George, the recluse of Zadonsk, from his own experience. But before that, he was sent the divine gift of penitence which purified his heart to receive love (the gift which acts like fire and consumes all that defiles the courts of the holy and mighty Lord), and even took all the strength from his body. “The holy and heavenly fire,” says St. John Climacus, “scorches some on account of their defective purity; but others it enlightens as having attained perfection. The same fire is called a consuming fire and an illuminating light. For this reason some leave their prayer as if it were a hotly heated bathhouse, feeling a certain relief from defilement and earthliness; while others go out shining with light and arrayed in a double garment of joy and humility. But those who after prayer feel neither of these two effects are still praying bodily, and not spiritually.”12 Prayer inspired by divine grace is here called spiritual prayer, while prayer performed by one’s own efforts without the obvious assistance of grace is called bodily prayer. The latter kind of prayer is indispensable, as St. John Climacus says, in order that grace-given prayer may be granted in its time. But how does the prayer of grace intimate its coming? It intimates its coming by supernatural weeping—and the man enters the gates of God’s sanctuary (his heart) with unspeakable thankfulness.


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